Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example It left the rest of the underprivileged population either to pay for the healthcare services it sought or to go without health care (Newdick 1995, p. 42). Thereby, it became evident to the then Labor government that the people in the UK were being deprived of even the very basic health care because they simply could not afford to pay for it. Thereby, the guiding philosophy behind the envisagement of the National Health Service was to make healthcare more affordable and to assure that even the marginalized UK citizens got access to affordable healthcare. The thing that needs to be understood is that the coming into existence of the National Health Service in the UK was the outcome of a marked shift in the mindset of the policy-making individuals and institutions with regards to health care. For instance, the contrivance of NHS was guided by the emerging belief that health care happened to be a basic right and did not happen to be a luxury doled out as a matter of charity (Gormley 1999, P. 26). The ruling elites in the UK did come to the agreement that the existent health care system in the UK was in a state of abysmal mess and that a National Health Service was needed to replace this lackadaisical and biased system. The good thing was that the health care infrastructure created during the II World War did help a lot in the creation of a National Health Service in the UK (Gormley 1999). The emergency medical services and the healthcare infrastructure created during the II World War did help a lot in the creation of a pan UK National H ealth Service. The II World War had a cataclysmic impact on the governance in general and on the health care in particular. This planned upheaval did go a long way in the envisagement of a very democratic and egalitarian health care system in the UK.

Bylaws of Natural Health Essay Example for Free

Bylaws of Natural Health Essay Section 1: Membership shall consist only of the Director/President, Jason Wilson. ARTICLE III AMENDMENTS Section 1: These Bylaws may be amended when necessary. ARTICLE VI Restrictions on Actions 1. All the assets and earnings of the Corporation shall be used exclusively for its exempt purposes, including the payment of expenses incidental thereto. No part of any net earnings shall inure to the benefit of any employee of the Corporation or be distributed to its Directors, officers, or any private person. 2. Notwithstanding any other provision of these bylaws, the Corporation will not carry on any activities not permitted by an organization exempt under Section 501(c)(3), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, or organizations whose contributions which are exempt under Section 170(c)(2), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. The Corporation shall have no capital stock, pay no dividends, distribute no part of its net income or assets to any Directors, Officers, and private property of the subscribers, Directors or Officers shall not be liable for the debts of the Corporation. 3. No substantial part of the Corporation’s activity shall be for the carrying on of a campaign of propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. The Corporation shall not participate in any political campaign, will not engage in political campaigns or attempt to influence legislation or interfere with any political campaign on behalf or in opposition to any candidate for public office. 4. In particular, but not without limitation of the generality of the foregoing paragraph, during such time as the Corporation may be considered a private foundation as defined by Section 509(a), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, it shall not: A. Fail to distribute its income for each taxable year at such time and in such manner as not to become subject to the tax on undistributed income imposed by Section 4942, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. B. Engage in any act of self dealing as defined in Section 4941(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. C. Retain any excess business holdings as defined in Section 4943(c), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. D. Make any investment on such manner as to subject it to tax under Section 4944, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. E. Make any taxable expenditures as defined in Section 4945(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. These bylaws were adopted on July 30, 2012. Jason Wilson, President

Celebrity Puppets Essay -- Personal Narrative

Celebrity Puppets The concept of using sports stars to market non-sport items has soared to new heights. Every corporation in the world is trying to get the edge over their competitors. The classic example is that of the â€Å"Cola Wars.† During the 1980s, Pepsi and Coca Cola began an advertising slugfest, in which Pepsi emerged victorious by using Madonna and Michael Jackson as puppets in their commercials. These two companies, as well as thousands of others, have taken advantage of exposing celebrities in their commercials and advertisements. This is done as a means to persuade the public that these products are worth buying. As the years went by, marketers began to realize that in America, sports imagery constituted the most popular way of communicating to the public. The major sports organizations that corporations use to market their products consist of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, and the National Hockey League, but more groups are beginning to get in on the act. These groups include the NASCAR Winston Cup Series, the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA), as well as many others as a result of their increasing popularity and a younger group of stars. A little over a year ago, San Francisco Forty-Niner star wide receiver Terrell Owens caught a touchdown pass and began a unique celebration. When he reached into his sock and pulled out a Sharpieâ„ ¢ marker and signed the football, giving it to a friend in the stands. His touchdown celebration was covered by many major media sources. As a result Owens was offered a partnership with the marker manufacturer. Sharpieâ„ ¢ agreed to donate five hundred dollars to the Alzheimer’s Association in Northern California/Northern Nevada for every touchdown Owens scor... ...ich the rock band Metallica wrote, entitled â€Å"Master of Puppets.† The lyrics go: Master of Puppets I'm pulling your strings Twisting your mind and smashing your dreams Blinded by me, you can't see a thing Just call my name, `cause I'll hear you scream This reminds me of today’s marketing world because these corporations all over the world are trying to twist our minds and make us believe that their products are superior to those of their competitors. In today’s world it is no longer who makes the better product, but who can present the product in a better fashion. There is no major difference in the quality of sneakers throughout the world. But unless the Nike, Adidas, or Rebok logo is not there, the sneaker is viewed as poor. It just goes to show how a song written in the 1980s can reflect the marketing era of the year 2003.

The Aging Process in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay -- Miss Bri

Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill" perfectly captures the phases one's mind goes through when faced with becoming old. Elderly people tend to be nostalgic, even sentimental about their youth. In later years, the nostalgia can develop into senility or fantasy. The ermine fur in "Miss Brill" is the catalyst of her nostalgia and symbolizes the passing of time in three stages: an expectant youth, a vital adulthood, and finally, a development into old age and fantasy. The story opens with Miss Brill's excitement that the "season" has arrived for social engagements; perhaps it is the tourist season when the ladies debut their latest fashions. With all the expectancy of a young girl looking forward to courtship, Miss Brill unpacks her prized and most fashionable possession, the ermine fur. While unpacking the fur, the reader is aware that Miss Brill is lapsing into elderly nostalgia because she speaks to the fur in such delighted tones. Miss Brill refers to her ermine fur as her "Little Rogue"(182). We learn that the ermine fur is fragile and in disrepair; we sense that Miss Brill is, to...

Tree Paper

Which is the correct symbol for the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in a specified configuration? C) VS. Longitudinal dynamic instability in an airplane can be Identified by B) pitch oscillations becoming progressively steeper True course measurements on a Sectional Aeronautical Chart should be made at a meridian near the midpoint of the course because thee C) angles formed by lines of longitude and the course line vary from point to point. Regulations which refer to â€Å"operate† relate to that person who C) causes the aircraft to be used or authorizes Its useTo act as pilot In command of an aircraft operated under 14 CUFF part 91, a commercial pilot must have satisfactorily accomplished a flight review or completed a proficiency check within the preceding C) 24 months Each required flight crewmen is required to keep his or her shoulder harness fastened A) during takeoff and landing, unless he or she is unable to perform required duties To increase the rate of turn and at the same time decrease the radius, a pilot should A) increase the bank and decrease airspeed. Dashed lines on a Surface Analysis Chart, if depicted, indicate that the pressure gradient is B) weak.One of the most dangerous features of mountain waves is the turbulent areas in and C) below rotor clouds. Weather Advisory Broadcasts, including Severe Weather Forecast Alerts (AWE), Convective Signets, and Signets, are provided by C) Arts on all frequencies, except emergency, when any part of the area described Is within 150 miles of the airspace under their Jurisdiction. Which Is the best technique for maligning the wing-load factor when flying In severe turbulence? C) Set power and trim to obtain an airspeed at or below maneuvering speed, maintain wings level, and accept variations of airspeed and altitude.The reason for variations in geometric pitch (twisting) along a propeller blade is that flight. What does good cockpit stress management begin with? A) Good life stress management The conditions most favorable to wave formation over mountainous areas are a layer of C) stable air at mountaintop altitude and a wind of at least 20 knots blowing across the ridge.

MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found

MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found MegaEssays.com - 404 Page Not Found

Cigarettes Essays - Electronic Cigarettes, Smoking, Habits, Tobacco

Cigarettes Essays - Electronic Cigarettes, Smoking, Habits, Tobacco Cigarettes 1-3-1 ESSAY Did you know three cigarettes could get one addicted? Every time one takes a puff of a cigarette they?re playing a dangerous game with life. I always wondered, Why are cigarettes so deadly, what is in cigarettes, if people know they?re deadly then why do they still smoke them, and finally why does the government allow people to buy these when they can kill you? Every time one smokes a cigarette it?s like putting a gun to your head and pulling the trigger with out knowing if the gun is loaded or not. I?ll do what?s within my ability to answer these questions in this essay. I browsed the internet (isn?t it a wonderful tool?) and used other references and my knowledge to determine why cigarettes are addictive, unhealthy, and unappealing. If we could vote to make cigarettes illegal then I?d vote yes. If your vote is no then after you read this essay I hope you will vote yes and save millions of adult and CHILDREN lives. Cigarettes are very unappealing. Do you like the smell of an old used ashtray? I don?t and most other people don?t either. Well how would you like for smoking area to smell like that and wouldn?t be able to do anything about it. You know how some smokers? teeth are yellow. This is one result of the tar staining their teeth. All white items in your smoking area could turn yellow as a result in the tar you exhale along with many other chemicals. Premature wrinkles are another result in smoking. Cigarettes are very unhealthy. If you knew what is in cigarettes you would think twice about even touching them. The basic substances are nicotine, tobacco, and TAR. Yes TAR that black smelly stuff that you have on your roof, in the streets, and if you smoke in your lungs. These are some other substances used to make cigarettes: Uranium, water, Carbon Dioxide. These chemicals are also used to make nuclear bombs. I guess smokers enjoy smoking nuclear bombs. Some side effects of smoking are many forms of cancer, thickening of the blood, making the arteries thinner and smaller, cancer of the vocal cords You?ll have to talk out of a microphone in you?re neck, and could cause constant Bronchitis. Addiction is probably the worst part. Before I explain what addiction is like I?m going to tell you about the process of addiction. 1. You light the cigarette. 2. You smoke two or three. 3. That dizziness is the nicotine traveling throughout your body. 4. The nicotine takes effect and you want another and another and so on. 5. You?re addicted. Now for what it?s like. Every time you get angry or sad you want a cigarette. If you?ve had a stressful day you may want one after a day?s work to calm your nerves. If you have no way of getting them you?ll steal them or get other people to steal them for you. You may also get others to buy cigarettes for you, or buy them from other people and get ripped off. For those of you who voted no earlier and changed to yes, good for you. For those of you who voted no and kept your vote remember smoking is unhealthy, unappealing, and very addictive. I hope I answered many of your questions. Thank you for taking time to read my essay. I hope you will agree with me that cigarettes should be illegal.

Problems facing the Bronx clinic Essay Example

Problems facing the Bronx clinic Essay Example Problems facing the Bronx clinic Paper Problems facing the Bronx clinic Paper There are various problems facing the clinic that ranges from the institution itself in terms of the policies and the management as well as the workers. Others are the patients who place the clinic at a confused state. Further more the government and other clinic stakeholders (Richard Perez F1). The patients are ignorant of the clinic policies especially the Medicaid care. Some of them do not understand the Medicaid system like Ms. Shuler who is experiencing great problems in health care more so in enrollment of the Medicaid. Other do not even bother to sign in for the Medicaid like Ms. Watson. Some patients never goes back for appointment. In addition to all these, they even sell their drugs Some of t5he patients are very ignorant such that they wait until they are seriously sick to go the clinics (Richard Perez F1). Again, the institution as well as the The whole of New York pays the workers low salaries thus are inclined to seek for jobs in health care institutions. As a matter of fact, New York is raked as the lowest state that pays doctors good salaries for treating patients on Medicaid. There is the embezzlement of funds thus making the running of institution challenging to meeting its cost. Some of the programs implemented by the clinic cost too much of the taxpayers money and further, they are victims of fraud and abuse thus wasting a lot of money. The management of the clinic is corrupt as well as its workers as seen in the fired worker who was demanding $75from a HIV patient. Enrollment on Medicaid is rather tedious and cumbersome to the poor patients who may be having little no no education to fill in the six paged document and further to pay four cosequtive stubs and other conditions. These are just but a few of the problems the clinic faces (Richard Perez F1). 2 The stake holders of the clinic The Bronx clinic has got several number of stakeholders. Some of them are the patients, doctors, the government, clinic workers and the insurance companies among many others (Richard Perez F1). The patients include;Crystal T. Schuler who was a single pregnant mother who who went for months without care, Ronald Shinnery the asthmatic with breathing difficulties, Ms Johnson who had been insured for two months without her knowledge (Richard Perez F1). The doctors as part of the stakeholders included Dr. Tomasz Howard who examined the fifth grade girl who was suffering from chronic problem,Anita Wilenkin,is the Morris Heghts chief operating officer, Susan Bilinghurst who is the clinic physician assistant., the clinics H.I.V programs administrator is called Ralph Belloise. The government is also a stakeholder in the clinic with Dennis P. Whalen being the executive deputy commissioner of the health state department and the deputy state commissioner of health is Kathryn Kuhmerker..Hugo Garcia is an employee of the clinic while at the same time,Mr. Garcia is a co-worker (Richard Perez F1). 3 Relationship in ideas between clinical performance and quality management and leadership. Performance of an institution whether private or public go hand in hand with proper quality management as well as good leadership. The same case applies to the clinical performance. For the clinic to perform at its best, there is the need to come up with better management strategies in addition to conducting   good leadership skills to enhance transparency. In assessing the Bronx clinic,the institution has hardly performed to the expectation of the society and even to its own expectation. Many of the patients hardly receive proper care at the right time. A good example is the fifth grader girl who was treated for her irregular heart beats after one and half years (Richard Perez F1). The clinic is performing below the expectation due to its poor policies. Some of the systems like Medicaid which is cumbersome to enroll especially by poor and uneducated patients. Further more they are expensive to both the taxpayer and the institution and are subjected to fraud. The leadership both within the clinic and the state also contributes significantly to the under achievement of the clinic. Due to lack of proper managerial skills in the clinic, they workers like doctors decline working in the institution. When Dr. Ortiz left the clinic, for another job almost the whole institution came to a stand still. The institution rather than calling its patients it writes letters which is a process that takes a lot of time. The workers of the clinic are corrupt and this is portrayed by the worker who was asking for money from a H.I.V patient. The state is failing the clinic when it is reluctant to update and consequently inform the insurance officials on time. It contribute to poor performance by the clinic when it fails to pay the doctors good salaries (Richard Perez F1).

Literature review discussing the advantages and disadvantages of Essay

Literature review discussing the advantages and disadvantages of having children nursed in both mixed A&Es and seperate childrens A&Es - Essay Example Aharonson et al (1996) provided information on patterns of services, arrival and factors influencing queuing in A&E departments and suggested that there are potential benefits for management and applying operations research methods in clinical environments. A&E departments are in considerable demand and proper utilization of these services can lead to improvement in the quality and promptness of clinical services offered. However contrary to Chow’s arguments, several hospital emergency departments may be directly related to primary care in providing rapid access and an emergency care network could be established in primary care as well. Integrating the strengths and weaknesses of emergency care with objective data model could help in describing multiple levels of operation and in highlighting process efficiency and clinical effectiveness. The support systems within NHS Direct have shown how people do things within A&E departments especially and how deliberate and thoughtful care could be provided by improving network operations. Accident and emergency departments and networking can help measure and control effective networking and promote interactions. The recent strategic policy shift towards a primary care-led National Health Service in the UK (Department of Health, 1994) has led to renewed interest in redefining the boundaries between primary and secondary care with the aim of shifting selected services traditionally provided in the acute hospital to less resource-intensive primary and community based alternatives. This systematic literature review looks at the potential for effective service provision for young A & E patients at mixed A & Es in UK. The UK has experienced a rapid increase in general practitioner out of hour’s co-operatives over the last 5 years. More generally, a government review of emergency pre-hospital care in England and Wales recently resulted in a series of pilot schemes to test interventions

Was the Falklands a vital factor in Thatcher's political survival Essay

Was the Falklands a vital factor in Thatcher's political survival - Essay Example Britain in reaction to this, established a navy task force to attack the Argentine navy and the air force. Their main aim was to put in place an amphibious operation which would assist them to win back the Islands. On June 1982 Argentina surrendered leaving the Islands under the control of the British. This brought the conflict to an end. A total number of 907 people perish during the attack; among these were 255 British and 652 Argentine most of who were soldiers, sailors, and airmen. In addition, several people got injured and three islanders also perished. The two countries had a strong case which was inconclusive. Even though the British argued that they had put the international law into consideration it was not well-founded. According to Gamba (1987) an analysis made with the involvement of the Government, the Royal Navy and Parliament It showed that several impertinent factors and pressures majorly determined the decision of the task force being sent to south Atlantic. The gov ernment survival threat due to the argentine invasion factor greatly determined how the conflict was conducted. This situation had a great impact on Thatcher survival in office hence; all the actions put in place was mainly to favour her. Despite the various achievement of the British military the Falkland’s crisis was not solved appropriately The main focus in this paper is the impact of international war participation on political leader’s survival in office. The relationship that exists between the performance in war and the fate of political leaders afterwards is of great significance. In most cases leaders who involve their nation in war are more likely to be faced with domestic political hazard which may interfere with their retention of political power. As compared to the democratic leaders, the authoritarian leaders incline to war for a longer durations when they successfully come to power. In addition, democratic leaders are involved in wars which have lower c hances of defeat than the authoritarian leaders. In this case, Margaret Thatcher is central to all the events that took place in the Falklands conflict. The British Prime Minister was criticized by the British press after she invaded the Argentine Falkland Islands. She was perceived as having been slow in reacting to the situation. This greatly affected her political fortunes. Prior to the war, it was uncertain that Thatcher and her party would be re-elected. However, a year later after she managed to repel the argentine forces successfully, Thatcher together with her party was returned to by a large majority to the parliamentary power in the general election that took place in 1983. The Falkland conflict had political impacts that were strong in the two countries. In Britain, Margaret Thatcher was under pressure from the parliament and she had to utilize this opportunity in order to ensure she survived in office. On the other hand, in Argentina Galtieri's Junta opted to invade the Falkland’s for political survival while considering the domestic situation in his country. The intention In most cases armed conflict is pursued with specific intentions which include; obtaining the just causes objects, to correct the impact of aggression and injustice, to pursue peace and reconciliation in the presence of conflicts, and to immediately bring hostilities to an end. The British government Margaret Thatcher being

Teachers Viewpoint on the Impact of Applying Distance Training on the Essay

Teachers Viewpoint on the Impact of Applying Distance Training on the Participation in Training Programmes - Essay Example e participation of teachers in training programs, and applying distance training, the study has a number of importance’s, thus making it relevant in literature. The methodologies used in reflecting the research, research questions are used as a mode of data collection. They will be restarted as an introduction of the methodology and process. In addition, methods will be justified and study the sample presented. The selection of participants, questionnaire design and use of semi structured interviews. In order to enhance the capability of teachers for critical thinking and provides effective contribution towards the progression and advancement of knowledge regarding various practices of training, regarding future research, a number of suggestions could be provided. Research should investigate the effects of application of distance training on the performance of teachers in Saudi Arabia. An obstacle facing the application of distance training in Saudi is a serious topic that needs further research. Teachers play a significant role in the society and their deliberate efforts are subjected to internal workplace pressures and external societal pressures. It is these internal working environment pressures and the external communal pressures which deeply influence the functions and responsibilities of the teachers towards their target viewers i.e. the students along with various subject matters taught to them (Martinet et. al., 2001). It has been identified that according to the official standards of a country, the training of the teachers is a kind of study programme which leads towards an enhanced status of a qualified teacher (UNESCO, 2001). It has also been observed that there are many numbers of teachers who have participated in various training programmes using both face-to-face and distance training. However, at the same time, certain segments of teachers fail to participate in training programmes due to a number of problems they face. This study aims to

The Impact of the First World War Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The Impact of the First World War - Assignment Example   The fear of a German uprising was no longer in the minds of the French as all the land that Germany was required to hand over was returned; the most important regions being Alsace and Lorraine. Germany's army was downsized to a maximum of 100,000 men; they were denied the use of tanks. The air force was disbanded and the navy was only allowed to staff and operate six ships; however, no submarines were allowed to remain operational. The land fifty kilometers east of the Rhine was pronounced a demilitarised zone, where no soldier with a weapon could enter. Overseas land previously owned by Germany was given to different European countries. The Saar, Danzig, and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations. One of the more important outcomes was the "War Guilt Clause" that required Germany to take on full responsibility for starting the war. This was important as it would show the world France's reason for participation in the war was only to defend against the German attacks. This also meant that Germany would have to pay reparations to France for the physical damage caused during the war. Clemenceau was the most satisfied out of the three leaders with the humiliation of Germany, and France now found new power in the world. Wilson was very pleased because as a result of the Paris Peace Conference his vision of the League of Nations had become a reality. The League would make it possible to solve conflicts all over the world in a peaceful manner, displaying Wilson's desire for worldwide peace. He said as much: "To promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security." (Wilson) The cost of creating the League was losing his other 13 original ideology points to gain the global support that was necessary to start the League and make it a success. As the post-war world was in the struggle of finding peace, there were a lot of countries intrigued by the international organization that promised to bring world peace. Wilson was of a peace-loving nature and was clearly angered by the great number of restrictions that Germany had to agree to in the Treaty as well as all the reparations they had to make. The harsh conditions that were imposed on Germany embarrassed and shamed Wilson. Nevertheless, he was very satisfied with the start of the League of Nations. One fact to be noted is that reparations to the United States were not mandated in the Treaty. It is true that the losses of the United States were not on the same scale as Britain and France because of their late entrance into the war. Lloyd-George was perhaps the least satisfied with the final terms of the treaty because of Clemenceau's persistence to bankrupt the German economy.  Ã‚  

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operation management - Assignment Example Amongst these, the work responsibilities of operations department can be duly considered to impose considerable impact upon business. Operations management is regarded as one of the forms of management, which deals with the aspect of designing along with controlling the production procedures within the business. It is apparent that operations management is regarded as one of the imperative aspects of business in the modern day context. It will not be ambiguous to depict that success and failure of any business is largely dependent on the efficiency in the operations department of the business (Heizer & et. al., 2009). 1. Task and Operational Selection Operational Process to be Improved As per the above discussion, it is clear that operations management is one of the decisive activities, which perform by organisations in this modern day business scenario. The efficiency in the performance of any business is largely dependent on how various operational functions are managed. Contextual ly, it would be crucial to depict that there are several operational processes that are being managed in the process of supply chain or supply network design. Among the various operational processes availability, this assignment will evaluate the operational process of supply network design with regard to determine the need for certain improvement in this particular aspect. It is evident that companies in the modern day business scenario must need to understand their respective supply network design in order to attain superior competitive position in terms of offering quality products or services to the customers. It has been noted that the supply chain network

The Impact of the First World War Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The Impact of the First World War - Assignment Example   The fear of a German uprising was no longer in the minds of the French as all the land that Germany was required to hand over was returned; the most important regions being Alsace and Lorraine. Germany's army was downsized to a maximum of 100,000 men; they were denied the use of tanks. The air force was disbanded and the navy was only allowed to staff and operate six ships; however, no submarines were allowed to remain operational. The land fifty kilometers east of the Rhine was pronounced a demilitarised zone, where no soldier with a weapon could enter. Overseas land previously owned by Germany was given to different European countries. The Saar, Danzig, and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations. One of the more important outcomes was the "War Guilt Clause" that required Germany to take on full responsibility for starting the war. This was important as it would show the world France's reason for participation in the war was only to defend against the German attacks. This also meant that Germany would have to pay reparations to France for the physical damage caused during the war. Clemenceau was the most satisfied out of the three leaders with the humiliation of Germany, and France now found new power in the world. Wilson was very pleased because as a result of the Paris Peace Conference his vision of the League of Nations had become a reality. The League would make it possible to solve conflicts all over the world in a peaceful manner, displaying Wilson's desire for worldwide peace. He said as much: "To promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security." (Wilson) The cost of creating the League was losing his other 13 original ideology points to gain the global support that was necessary to start the League and make it a success. As the post-war world was in the struggle of finding peace, there were a lot of countries intrigued by the international organization that promised to bring world peace. Wilson was of a peace-loving nature and was clearly angered by the great number of restrictions that Germany had to agree to in the Treaty as well as all the reparations they had to make. The harsh conditions that were imposed on Germany embarrassed and shamed Wilson. Nevertheless, he was very satisfied with the start of the League of Nations. One fact to be noted is that reparations to the United States were not mandated in the Treaty. It is true that the losses of the United States were not on the same scale as Britain and France because of their late entrance into the war. Lloyd-George was perhaps the least satisfied with the final terms of the treaty because of Clemenceau's persistence to bankrupt the German economy.  Ã‚  

Final reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Final reflection - Essay Example With the help of my tutors I have been able to assess my progress in both learning and writing depending on my improved efficiency in terms of creating texts from what I learn. In the thought of Earl personal assessment helps a student gauge their strengths and weaknesses in their education system (56). My writing process has been significant in my experience and an active learner. My writing has shifted from simple writing to a much complex form of writing based on the complexity of the content. The content in my texts have grown significantly showing that I have been able to be an active writer based on the skills and experience in acquire in class. Apart from the content, the creation of words and texts in my texts can now be related to mature student. My performance in writing has been steady and exceptional since my first inducement in writing. The same sentiments can be shared in my active learning process. Based on attentiveness, the ability to apply skills taught, completing tasks effectively and relating to activities in class to real world experiences. According to Earl, learning is measured by the way in which an individual completes test that involves the application of learned materials (77). My experience in close reading and contextualization has grown significantly since I have acquired more efficient reading and text analysis skills. The ability of a student to read and analyze texts effectively is based on their prowess in their reading skills and comprehension skills which is acquired through active learning. Working with peers in my active learning and writing process has been helpful is sharpening my skills working with my peers has greatly increased my communication skills. My ability of creating studying and professional relationships has also been increased by my involvement in working with my peers. In an argument by Earl, learning systems should have peer based tools to help boost the studying ability of all students though a related a nd appropriate support (87). In my relationship to my class I have learned a lot in the practices and activities the class have been involved in. I have been participating in numerous class activities including groups activities based on tasks provided by instructors. In group tasks I have led different groups towards completion of requirements such as reading and writing assignments, creating projects outlines, completing research projects and engaging in oral contests. Apart from learning from these activities, groups’ activities in class enhanced my relationship in thus class in terms of having the will to learn and being happy in my learning environment. According to Earl, in active learning the type of perception a learner creates in their class /environment is important in their quest for education (123). Additionally, other participations in my class revolved around completing different forms of assignments. For instance, I completed annotated bibliographies, research assignments, oral and practical exams, projects, interviews, text critiques and final exams and continuous assessment tests. These assessment tools increased my level of concentration and participation in class activities. At the beginning of my class, I had poor writing and learning skills. I did not have the ability to create visual creations of what I acquired in class. This was only to change if I had to create an effective relationship with

Switching WhitePaper Essay Example for Free

Switching WhitePaper Essay Source MAC addresses are learned from incoming frames. A table of MAC addresses and their associated ports are built and maintained. Unknown unicast, broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports (except the incoming port) Bridges and switches communicate with each other using spanning tree protocol to eliminate bridging loops. Layer 2 Switching A layer 2 switch performs the same functionality as a transparent bridge, however a switch is like a multiport bridge that performs hardware-based-bridging. Frames are forwarded using specialized hardware, called application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). This hardware gives switching great scalability, with wire-speed performance, low latency, and high port density. As long as Layer 2 switch frames between two Layer 1 interfaces of the same media type, such as two Ethernet connection or an Ethernet connection and a Fast Ethernet connection, the frames do not have to be modified. However, if two interfaces are different media, such as Ethernet and Token Ring or Ethernet and Fibre Distributed data Interface (FDDI), the Layer 2 switch must translate the frame contents before sending out the Layer 1 interface. Layer 2 Switching One draw back to Layer 2 switching is that it can not be scaled effectively. Switches must forward broadcast traffic to all ports, causing large switched networks to become a large broadcast domain. In addition, STP can have a slow convergence time when the switch topology changes. Layer 2 switching alone can not provide an effective, scalable network design. Layer 2 Switches Functions: Source MAC Address learning Filtering/ forwarding Loop avoidance Frame Switching Modes Store and forward Cut through Fast Forwarding Fragment Free Layer 3 Switching Packets are forwarded at Layer 3, just as a router would do. Packets are switched using specialized hardware, ASIC, for high speed and low latency. Packets can be forwarded with security control and quality of service (QOS) using layer 3 address translation. Layer 3 switches are designed to examine and forward packets in high-speed LAN environments. Whereas a router might impose a bottleneck to forwarding throughput, a Layer 3 switch can be placed anywhere in the network, with little or no performance penalty. Layer 4 Switching Packets are forwarded using hardware switching, based on layer 3 addressing and Layer 4 application information. (Layer 2 addressing is also inherently used) Layer 4 protocol types (UDP or TCP, for example) in packet headers are examined. Layer 4 segment headers are examined to determine application port numbers. Allows finer control over movement of information. Layer 4 Switching A Layer 4 switch must allocate a large amount of memory to its forwarding table. Layer 2 and Layer 3 addresses have forwarding tables based on MAC and network addresses, making those tables only as large as the number of network devices. Layer 4 devices, however, must keep track of application protocols and conversations occurring in the network. Their forwarding tables become proportional to the number of devices multiplied by the number of applications. Multilayer Switching Packets are forwarded in hardware that combine Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4 switching. Packets are forwarded at wire speed. The traditional Layer 3 routing function is provided using Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), in which a database of routes to every destination network is maintained and distributed to switching ASICs for very high forwarding performance. Multilayer Switching Cisco switches perform multilayer switching at Layer 3 and Layer 4 The Catalyst family of switches cache traffic flow based on IP addresses. At layer 4, traffic flows are cached based on source and destination addresses, in addition to source and destination ports. All switching is performed in hardware, providing equal performance at both Layer 3 and Layer 4 switching. Reference: http://www.lantronix.com/resources/net-tutor-switching.html http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~cs757/slidespdf/757-01-CommNetworks.pdf

Analysing A Song In The Front Yard English Language Essay

Analysing A Song In The Front Yard English Language Essay On the surface of Gwendolyn Brookss poem, a song in the front yard, is a girl who wants to play in the back yard and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦have some wonderful fun (10) instead of staying in the front yard, but the deeper message is not just about more fun, but about a girl who yearns to have a life she is not permitted to have. Impoverished and wealthy lead very different lifestyles; this poem infers that sometimes having it all, isnt enough to keep one satisfied. Through the first person narrative of a little girl along with the uses of symbolism, Brooks exposes and highlights the irony of wealth. The speakers tone and descriptions suggest that she is a young girl. In line four, the speaker refers to herself as a girl; the word girl has a connotation as a younger female. The following lines sound very demanding and childish: I want to go in the back yard now And maybe down the alley To where the charity children play I want a good time today (ll 5-8). The words want and now define the selfish tendencies of a child.. The importance of the speaking being a young girl, comes from the fact that young children are usually ignorant to wealth and status. Young children really only want fun and enjoyment out of life. In addition, the specification of the time being now suggests that it must be done before it is too late, and profile status becomes eminent in determining social relationships. The speaker uses the symbolic front yard versus back yard to infer status. The symbolism begins on the first line of the poem where Brooks discusses that the speaker has stayed in the front yard all her life, suggesting a desire for change. On a literal level, the front yard is a place people can see from the street. It is generally inviting, orderly, and beautiful. This leads one to assume a front yard can represent order, consistency, and status on a symbolic level. The speaker is apparently bored with her life in the front yard as is made clear when she says, A girl gets sick of a rose(Line 4). The rose is a beautiful, rich flower; only one with money would be able to get sick of it. A back yard is a place that you cannot see from the street and requires an invitation. The back yard is, Where its rough and untended and hungry weed grows (Line 3). The back yard usually is not well kept because it is unseen, symbolizing how the poor are care-free and adventurous due to not being rad ar so to speak. The backyard is symbolically a place for the poor, and therefore it becomes a place for the ugly in society. In one sense, Brooks utilizes the back yard as a place where people hide things for example wealthy people hiding the ugly, hungry weed (line 3) in the backyard. But the back yard is not only seen as the physically ugly place, but it has connotations of bad people. As the mother lists the types of people associated with the back yard, she says, That Georgell be taken to Jail soon or late/ (On account of last winter he sold our back gate) (ln. 15-16). The emphasis on back gate alongside theft and jail reinforces the hideousness and bad that link to the back yard. In addition, the word Jail is capitalized showing that it has importance. It suggests that if the girl goes into the back yard she will be exposed to the bad in the world. However, in another sense, Brooks crowns the backyard as a place that the wealthy person wants to be. A sort of secret garden for this young wealthy girl as she desires to explore the mysterious freedom the poor live with. In this sense the poor children are not forced to play in the backyard they are allowed to play there; while the rich girl is chained to her front yard of responsibility and strict restrictions. When the girl voices her desire to play with the children in the backyard, the  mother  sneers (line 11). The mother describes how much trouble the kids in the back yard will get the speaker in, but the speaker continues to desire to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦do some wonderful things (line 9) and goes against what her mother says. The consistent contradiction between the mother and the daughter, connect to the ignorance and tolerance younger children tend to have. In the beginning of the poem, it seems likely the speaker is a young child, but the last stanza she imagines how she wants to be a woman. She says, And Id like to be a bad woman, too/ And wear the brace stocking of night-black lace/ And strut down the streets with paint on my face (ll. 18-20). This description of a woman in makeup (line 20) and black lace stockings (line 19) is of a person in the back yard, a poor person, but a woman not a child. The younger fantasizes about playing in the alley (line 6), where the woman fantasizes about strut[ting] down the streets (line 20). The change from a child to a woman symbolizes the transition of adolescents overcoming the segregations made by wealth. The rhyme scheme is constant throughout the poem except for the last stanza connecting to the change from an adolescent to a woman. The rhyme scheme established for the majority of the poem is abcc, where the first two lines do not follow an established rhyme but the third and forth form a rhyme. But the last stanza forms two rhyming couplets: But I say its fine. Honest, I do. And Id like to be a bad woman, too, And wear the brace stockings of night-black lace And strut down the streets with paint on my face. (ll. 17-20) The words do and too connect through end rhyme, and lace and face connect through end rhyme. The consistent new pattern shown in the last stanza relates to the new relationship established for the speaker. Gwendolyn Brooks poem a song in the front yard uses the first person narrative and symbolism to demonstrate the irony and relationship between the wealthy and poor. The young speaker shows how adolescence includes ignorance by desiring to go against her mother and play in the back yard. The front yard and back yard symbolize the different life styles: the carefree, un-kept poor lifestyle of the back yard, that the wealthy narrator living in the front yard (line 1), envies and the wealthy people sneering (line 11) in their front yards. Brooks reinforces that ignorance leads to accepting and allows the girl to desire close the gap of separation.

The Power of Spoken Word Poetry Essay -- performing art

Each year, City High School holds a poetry cafà ©. During this event, many young adults have the opportunity to get up and perform for their peers. This past year, a plethora of young adults choose to perform spoken word poetry. Some demonstrated issues that multiple people deal with and others expressing who they truly are within themselves. Spoken word poetry is a necessity to openly discuss the issues that affect today’s youth. Spoken word poetry allows young adults to deal with issues of gang violence. Two young men by the names of Nate Marshall and Demetrius Amparan recite a spoken word poem â€Å"Lost Count: A love story† because of the death of children that occurred in their neighborhood in Chicago that year. The poet’s voice is valued because they experienced firsthand the danger of growing up in the ghetto: â€Å"Though Marshall's mother worried about his long commute to Whitney Young, it was the walk though his own neighborhood that frightened her the most. One day, during his junior year, four thugs jumped him at 115th and Halsted Streets as he was getting off the bus on his way home from school†(Turner â€Å"Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed). With the streets being so dangerous, mothers worry about their kids simply walking to school. The fear of a child being shot in the streets is very real. Statistics from the crime lab at University of Chicago demonstrate this: â€Å"In the year of 2008, 510 people were killed and nearly early half were between the ages of ten to twenty-five and the majority of them being male† (uchicago.edu). . Through the poem Lost count: â€Å"A Love Story†, the two young men are telling a story of each of their classmates while speaking each name of a child that has died. Young adults in ... ... greater. Spoken word poetry shows great truths to the issues young adults experience today. The issues in our world tend to be over whelming. We need a voice and because of spoken word poets, we our provided with a way to. Works cited Turner, Dawn. "Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 May 2014. "CRIME LAB." Report: Gun Violence Among School-Age Youth in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. â€Å"Jason Taylor Foundation.† Jason Taylor Foundation. N.P., N.d. web 15 May 2014 Stlieber, Dave. â€Å"The power of spoken word poetry. â€Å"The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.come, 12 Feb. 2014. Web.15 May 2014 "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. The Power of Spoken Word Poetry Essay -- performing art Each year, City High School holds a poetry cafà ©. During this event, many young adults have the opportunity to get up and perform for their peers. This past year, a plethora of young adults choose to perform spoken word poetry. Some demonstrated issues that multiple people deal with and others expressing who they truly are within themselves. Spoken word poetry is a necessity to openly discuss the issues that affect today’s youth. Spoken word poetry allows young adults to deal with issues of gang violence. Two young men by the names of Nate Marshall and Demetrius Amparan recite a spoken word poem â€Å"Lost Count: A love story† because of the death of children that occurred in their neighborhood in Chicago that year. The poet’s voice is valued because they experienced firsthand the danger of growing up in the ghetto: â€Å"Though Marshall's mother worried about his long commute to Whitney Young, it was the walk though his own neighborhood that frightened her the most. One day, during his junior year, four thugs jumped him at 115th and Halsted Streets as he was getting off the bus on his way home from school†(Turner â€Å"Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed). With the streets being so dangerous, mothers worry about their kids simply walking to school. The fear of a child being shot in the streets is very real. Statistics from the crime lab at University of Chicago demonstrate this: â€Å"In the year of 2008, 510 people were killed and nearly early half were between the ages of ten to twenty-five and the majority of them being male† (uchicago.edu). . Through the poem Lost count: â€Å"A Love Story†, the two young men are telling a story of each of their classmates while speaking each name of a child that has died. Young adults in ... ... greater. Spoken word poetry shows great truths to the issues young adults experience today. The issues in our world tend to be over whelming. We need a voice and because of spoken word poets, we our provided with a way to. Works cited Turner, Dawn. "Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 May 2014. "CRIME LAB." Report: Gun Violence Among School-Age Youth in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. â€Å"Jason Taylor Foundation.† Jason Taylor Foundation. N.P., N.d. web 15 May 2014 Stlieber, Dave. â€Å"The power of spoken word poetry. â€Å"The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.come, 12 Feb. 2014. Web.15 May 2014 "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014.

The story of Ben Carson :: essays research papers

The Decisions of Ben Carson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout his life Ben Carson faced many trials and tribulations. All of which forced him to make life altering decisions. Going from a â€Å"disturbed† child and adolescent to an outstanding surgeon society would think Dr. Carson made the right choices, but along the way Ben wasn’t so sure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the important decisions Ben was faced with was in the tenth grade. He had to decide weather or not he wanted to continue on his downward spiral with school and friends or if he wanted to get his act together and become high in rank in his school’s ROTC program. After seeing his brother in his ROTC uniform Ben was certain he wanted to follow in Curtis’ footsteps. He knew he would have to work tremendously hard if he ever wanted to be named colonel as a student. Carson decided to put his best foot forward and forgot about being in the â€Å"it† crowd with the â€Å"right† clothes and focused on his ROTC goal. Ben was honored when Sgt. Bandy put him in charge of the most rambunctious class. His strategy for whipping the class into shape was getting to know them individually and then â€Å"structured the exercises accordingly (65).† Sgt Bandy was pleased to see that Ben turned the worst class into the best class of the unit in a matter of weeks. Ben was then promoted to second lieutenant. By the time he graduated Ben not only reached his goal and was ranked colonel, but he had been offered a full scholarship to West Point. A whole new decision in its own, Ben turned the scholarship down to pursue his dreams of being a doctor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another decision Ben made came after his first year of college at Yale. He was put in charge of a highway crew that picked up trash along highways in Detroit. The crews were made up of mostly inter-city kids. Instead of allowing his crew to collect only 12 bags of trash a day like the other supervisors, Ben made sure his crew turned in at least 150 bags at the end of each day. He taught the young men in his group the idea of hard work and taking pride for the work that they do. â€Å"The principle goes like this: It’s not what you know but the kind of job you do that makes the difference (81).† By teaching these kids not to slack off even though it may have been hot outside or they may have been too tired, he more than likely changed their work ethic for the rest of their lives.

Broken Rules

The first discussion in this essay will focus on the reasons why institutional policies are broken; should those policies ever be broken; and discuss possible solutions that could eliminate the need to break these rules, which would lessen the pressure employees felt when the policies of the organization were not followed. The second discussion will be about the violent behavior in school-aged children and explore possible solutions to dealing with the explosive rage exhibited toward childcare workers. A problem with breaking rules during the flu and cold season puts not only other children’s health at risk, but the staff’s also.The cleaning schedule for childcare facilities should be on a daily schedule. Many organizations keep a spray bottle of bleach and water to wipe down tables, chairs, desks, and play areas. Others dip all of the toys in a bucket of bleach water at the end of the day to sterilize them, but this does not clean toys that are handled and played with amongst the children before the end of the shift. Facilities hold policies that if the children are running a fever, coughing, sneezing, and have runny noses, the parents should keep the child home or find alternative care while the child recuperates.Many of the organizations realize that in today’s world extended families could be located thousands of miles apart; and finding trustworthy alternative childcare is difficult. Thus, many facilities break their own policies in taking the sick children into their care to help the families, knowing that parents must go to work. The facilities also realize a financial loss in their economic budget when parents hire alternative childcare during the times that the children are ill. And ideal situation in childcare would be to recognize and implement childcare through all the ups and downs that families experience.I propose that childcare facilities create an area away from the main rooms of bustling activities for the ill child or chi ldren. The separate wing would be a quieter place with subdued lighting to induce restful activities while the child recuperates from their compromised physical conditions. The instructor/teacher/worker, who is assigned to that area for the shift, can initiate quiet activities and instruction time. This separate area allows for more nap times in a less busy environment; extra hydration can be given to the ill child without hindrance from the other children.Having assigned personnel to take care of the sick children and keeping them isolated from the main population of the facility, would do more in restricting the spread of the flu and cold viruses to the rest of the children and staff. Parents would not have to struggle with finding alternative childcare, and the facilities would be able to maintain a stable income by taking care of ill children. Most childcare facilities are considered small businesses; therefore, they would be eligible for certain grants to merge these two types of care packages for the parents’ choice of options.Or the facility could charge an extra fee for that month to the child’s family to offset the extra expense in tending to an ill child. The second position of this essay deals with the problems of explosive rage in children towards classmates and staff. Alarming rates in acts of violence have increased dramatically in lower elementary grades. â€Å"Elementary school principals and safety experts say they're seeing more violence and aggression than ever among their youngest students, pointing to what they see as an alarming rise in assaults and threats to classmates and teachers.† 1 Working with the parents to control the unacceptable behavior of their children has failed, so facilities have approached the problem with stricter discipline to get the attention of the children and the parents. It is rare to see full time counselors or social workers in the elementary grades. Many schools districts have opted to sha re these positions to ease the budget demands. Police have to be called in to subdue parents upset with the disciplining of their child.For instance, Minnesota has had to suspend nearly 4,000 kindergartners for violent behavior in 2004 to 2006. This is counterproductive to the classroom environment and hinders students from learning. To gain control of the classroom or childcare area, I propose that priorities be re-evaluated to obtain a higher budget level for implementing full time counselors and security positions. Ongoing certification classes for educators and childcare workers should place emphasis on what constitutes effective treatment for violent children.It is not just a gift to be able to work with difficult children, it takes the philosophy of the teacher/worker that they can make a difference, for the good, in the children’s attitudes. I believe that full time social workers or counselors in the childcare institutions can keep track of the nutrition, health, and sleep patterns of the child that exhibits aggressive behavior. Unions of childcare workers can unite to press Congress for more active research, comparing pre-natal care as it relates to aggression in children. Communities can work along with the schools or other children’s facilities with after school programs.Many ideas can be implemented for the prevention of juvenile delinquency; it only takes someone or some group to initiate and facilitate them. References 1 Toppo, Greg; USA Today, Online; (2003, January 12); retrieved June 7, 2007, from: http://www. usatoday. com/news/nation/2003-01-12-school-violence-usat_x. htm Gordon, Gerard; 1996; Managing Challenging Children; Australia, Prim-Ed Publishing. Taylor, Cecelia Monat, Ph. D. , R. N. ; Merness’ Essentials of Psychiatric Nursing, Thirteenth Edition; (1990); St. Louis, Missouri; The C. V. Mosby Company; pgs. 369-392.

Ambition in Macbeth Essay

Julius Caesar once said â€Å"When the gods wish to take vengeance on a man for his crimes they usually grant him considerable success and a period of impunity, so that when his fortune is reversed he will feel it all the more bitterly†. This quote directly reflects the problem with over ambition in effective all cases. Being over ambitious can bring someone to great heights but usually also leads to their downfall. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the situation is no different. Macbeth, the protagonist in the play, is cursed with over ambition. This affliction brings him to great heights in his career however ultimately leads him to his downfall. Three main examples of Macbeth’s blind ambition go as follows. Near the beginning of the play Macbeth is awarded the title of the Thane of Cawdor by the late Kind Duncan after he managed to capture the previous thane on crimes of treason. Macbeth is temporarily content with his title but that was not to last. Upon his wife, named Lady Macbeth, receiving word of a prophesy regarding Macbeth becoming king she begins to hatch a plot to have Macbeth seize power from Duncan. Macbeth, hesitantly accepts the plot after much prodding from his wife by saying† I am settled, and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat. Away, and mock the time with fairest show: false face must hide what the false heart doth know. †(1.7. 89-93) This simply means that he must hide his true intentions from Duncan before he kills him. Shortly after his coronation, Macbeth begins to fell unsafe with his position. He feels the guilt bearing down on him at almost every moment in the day and he has trouble sleeping. He ponders the witches prophesy and realizes the next step that he must take. The witches stated that Banquo â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none: So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo! †(1.3.70-71) Given this knowledge, Macbeth is worried that Banquo may overthrow Macbeth. He hires three murderers to go out and kill Banquo and his son Fleance. He says â€Å"Well then, now Have you consider’d of my speeches? Know That it was he in the times past which held you So under fortune, which you thought had been Our innocent self: this I made good to you In our last conference, pass’d in probation with you, How you were borne in hand, how cross’d, the instruments, Who wrought with them, and all things else that might To half a soul and to a notion crazed Say ‘Thus did Banquo.’ † (3.1.80-90) By saying this, he basically pins all of their troubles on Banquo and thus giving them reason to kill him. The third and ultimately final example of Macbeth’s reckless ambition occurs when Macbeth has the family of MacDuff, one of his Thanes, killed to simply send a message to the people of Scotland that he was not to be trifled with. Coincidentally, the reason that spurred him on to do this and the reason MacDuff manages to convince Prince Malcolm are quite closely connected. MacDuff escapes to England to raise an army against Macbeth, upon arriving he is questioned by Malcolm who had escaped previously as to the reason for his arrival. The only thing that allowed MacDuff to convince Malcolm to do this for him was the furor he had mustered upon receiving word of his dead family. He exclaims: â€Å"O, I could play the woman with mine eyes And braggart with my tongue! But, gentle heavens, Cut short all intermission; front to front Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself; Within my sword’s length set him; if he ‘scape, Heaven forgive him too! † (4.3.269-273) In conclusion, these three events had temporarily positive effects and long lasting extremely negative effects on Macbeth and ultimately leading to his death. He did not remain content with the title bestowed upon him by Duncan and instead strive after the title for king for himself. He sought to stop  the prophesy bestowed upon him by the witches by having Banquo killed but revealing his guilt afterward. Finally he had the family of a potentially opposing thane murdered to send a message to him. Unchecked ambition has been the bane of powerful men and women throughout history and nothing has changed in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth.

Case study ( Ethic and law) for nursing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

( Ethic and law) for nursing - Case Study Example Sue lied about making observations. Ben, an assistant Nurse, was assigned to carry out a task without supervision from Sue. The assistant was not legally allowed to carry out the intervention without nursing supervision, as he was not yet licensed to practice nursing and was only in his second year. Value-laden terms are terms that indicate positive or negative emphasis, which may then have favourable or unfavourable effects on patients (White & Duncan, 2002). These statements may also refer to good or bad things, which may be evaluated based on the viewpoint of the person acknowledging their existence. In this case study, Emily expressed that her symptoms (hot, nauseated, headache) were still persistent. When consulted about these symptoms, Sue said that the patient was likely just having a cold and that she just needed to rest. The nurse discounted the patient’s symptoms, simply deriding their seriousness. In effect, the terms used by the patient were not given much value, but the value of these terms was already very much significant to the patient. From a nursing perspective, nurses should provide value to the terms used by the patients; they should have either equal or greater value, but never lesser value because this would make the patient feel that she is not bei ng properly cared for (White & Duncan, 2002). Autonomy is based on the principle of independence and self-determination. The principle of autonomy is based on the patient’s right to control his or her care, to make decisions on his or her care and even to decline care (Masters, 2009). Emily’s autonomy was violated when the nurse did not attend to health concerns (nausea, headache and feeling hot), because according to Nurse Sue, she was already old and dying, anyway. Not responding to her request for symptomatic relief meant that the nurse did not support Emily’s autonomy

PROFESSIONAL PRESENCE & INFLUENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PROFESSIONAL PRESENCE & INFLUENCE - Essay Example Spirituality and religion influence and determine how an individual copes with sickness. Additionally, religion and spirituality may influence the medical decisions made by health professionals. As such, these beliefs have a direct impact on the medical outcome. The bio-psycho-social model views the body and mind of a patient as two significant systems. These systems are inter-joined like a mind body connection. The bio-psycho-social model demonstrates that the state of the body affects the mind and the state of the mind affects the body too. However, this does not imply that there is a direct effect between the body and the mind. Specific intermediate elements can form a bridge between thought and the biological concept. Psychosocial elements cause biological effects by exposing the individual or patient to risk factors. As such, the patient’s likelihood of disease is heightened. Most theories dictate that the state of the mind has a direct correlation with the immune system. Moreover, many people believe that a pathological disease may or can have a direct effect on the mind of a person. This is a traditional and ancient approach to the treatment or diagnosis of diseases (Pelletier, 1995). Physicians originating from the western world often practice it. Using a problem solving approach, a physician isolates other body parts and focuses mainly on the dysfunction or defect within the patient (Kabat-Zinn, 2009). Physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests of the patient form the primary basis for the treatment or identification of the illness. This model focuses mainly on the physical and biological concepts of particular illnesses. The main difference between the two health models is that the body mind model mainly focuses on the body and mind whereas the body, mind, and spirit model tackles health issues from a

Does the EU have negative impacts on small states in the EU Does it Research Paper - 1

Does the EU have negative impacts on small states in the EU Does it fringe them The divide between the north and the south - Research Paper Example Additionally, it is hard to identify the similarities among the foreign policies of these small states. On the other hand, it is a challenge to enhance the influential factor on their international relations. It comes to a point that we need to plan and strategize what we know and what we need know to identify and understand the challenges facing the small states. This article confirms such doubts by giving answers to four questions: what is a small state according to the European Union? What is the behavior of a small state in the European state? What are challenges facing the small states in the European Union? What are the general effects of European Union on the small states in the European Union? This paper adopts the thesis statement that European developments have brought out many alterations on small states. However, these alterations occur in both positive and negative measures. Smaller states are in consideration because their economic development happens to less than compared to other bigger states such as Britain and France. Additionally, the population level in small states happen to be low than the bigger states. In most cases, such small states have less influence on the decisions made by European Union. Such happenings happen to be in existence because decisions made by European Union during different summits affect these small states in general. For example, the regulations set to regulate the interest levels have affected the small states both positively and negatively. This research is beneficial since it initiates better understanding on the policies affecting small states either positively or negatively. Additionally, this research identifies the major reasons as to why such small states are affected by the policy developments made by European Union. In general, the research will offer differential weight on the benefits and effects of policy development by the European Union to the small states. The relevant question at hand

Persuation paper regarding Family Therapy in school setting Essay

Persuation paper regarding Family Therapy in school setting - Essay Example Also, student needs are being met by career counselors and nurses, so it would be a good idea to have family therapy added. Family therapy would help families stay together. There are many problems that families have that students have to deal with on a daily basis. When they come to school they may be tired, upset, or angry and they have no where to go to talk about their feelings. A family therapy program could help them by allowing them to talk about their feelings. The therapist could then bring the entire family in during school hours and everyone would be helped. Although many parents would have to work during school hours, they may be able to get off for an hour or two in order to do therapy. Family therapy would be free in school. Many families do not have money to go t a therapist in the community and some people do not have insurance that will pay for them to go. By having a family therapy program in school, the cost could be paid for through a grant or other educational fu nd. There might also be people in the community who would contribute to the program. When there is a problem with a student and there is no place in school for them to go, they have to find someone outside of school to help them. If they do not have the resources to find someone, they do not get the help they need. A family therapy program would accomplish two things in this situation: The first thing it would do is help them have a therapist they already know. During the school day, a family therapist could get to know students and begin to understand their problems. The second thing that this would accomplish is that it would give parents a person who already knew their child from school. Bothe the parents and the child would have a therapist they were already comfortable seeing. Some parents might be afraid to go to family counseling because they would feel they would not want to have the school know their family business. However, if their child was having problems in school, th ey should be encouraged to help their child in any situation. Some parents might feel that going to a therapist means they are mentally ill or that people would think they were crazy. A family therapy program could encourage parents to come in for events that were geared just for them. As an example, a tea or a luncheon to tell parents about the program would be an ideal way for them to get to know more about the family therapy program. The therapist and the principal could make sure that all students take home information about the counseling program that would encourage parents to come to these events or stop in if they needed to talk to someone. Many schools have school psychologists but they are not the same as a therapist. The school psychologists usually do a lot of testing and they do not really do counseling. The therapist would be able to be the one to do the counseling and they may also get some ideas from the psychologist about what issues students need to address in thei r studies. Some of the issues that a counselor could help students with would include: adjustment to school, adjustment to divorce, any abuse issues that might happen at home, alcohol or drug abuse, and peer pressure. These are just some of the issues a skilled counselor could help with and by talking about these issues students may be able to do better in school. Counselors could also do group counseling. There would be students who have the same issues and they could come together as a group and talk about their problems. Maybe

Oakland, Illinois - a Typical American Town Statistics Project

Oakland, Illinois - a Typical American Town - Statistics Project Example The ethnic composition of the Oakland city is 98.20% Whites, 1.20% African American, 0.50% Native American, and 0.10% from other races. Latino or Hispanic of any race was just 0.90% of the entire populace (American Towns 1). The mean income for a family unit in the metropolis was US$ 38,167, and the mean income for a household was US$ 34,038. Men have a mean income of US$ 29,342 against $20,577 for women (American Towns 1). The â€Å"per head† income for the metropolitan was $15,964. Roughly 8.8% of households along with 10.8% of the population were underneath the poverty line, comprising of also 20.2% of those below age 18, as well as 7.6% of those above the age 65 (American Towns 1).The city, which was platted, in 1833, is a very small, like most, with a post office, high priced grocery stores, and gas stations being the majority of businesses. The filling stations mostly cater to travelers who pass by to fill their vehicles although the town citizens are also frequent clien ts. The city has a total of five grocery stores. The only good thing concerning these grocery stores is that they sell food, which is produced from the state alone. Oakland is one of those towns where everyone knows everyone, and there are no secrets between individuals. It can, in reality, be a good thing when everyone knows you, but also a bad thing when everyone is in your business. It takes away the privacy of someone. Another thing that can be seen in Oakland is the small schools and also the small classroom sizes. Even if, the populace of the town is small, at least the government should consider increasing the size of their classrooms in order for their children to learn properly. These classes feel literary like confinement (American Towns 1).

Analyzing the Similarities between “Hymn to the Aton” and “Psalm 104” Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Similarities between â€Å"Hymn to the Aton† and â€Å"Psalm 104† Essay The thought that two different works of art written by authors of different countries, different backgrounds, living eight hundred years apart and centering on religion—more [specifically] their portrayal of God and how he is like the sun—[being similar] would [be] deem[ed] [as] impossible [or not likely by many]. [However,] the poems [â€Å"]Hymn to the Aton[† by Akhenaton] and [â€Å"]Psalm 104[† by David are examples of] this very occurrence. [Some scholars assert] that either the latter was copied from the former or that these two works are the result of a cultural split, [due to the] vast difference of [similar] elements [and subject matter that the poems share. ] the poems were fostered within, their similarities in content, and that the poems could not have been creative coincidence. The benefits in understanding that these works have some connection, whether by plagiarism or cultural dissect, provides scholars with more knowledge about the world we live in, helps to decipher some of the myths and mysteries of other cultures with similarities and shows the public all cultures may not be as different from each other as we think, helps to show that propaganda has been used since the earliest of times, and that if societies do not document their findings or creations people will eventually circle back and rediscover them. Collectively, if applied to the modern world, these benefits will advances in many fields of academia and help society at large to become more critical thinkers and problem solvers. [Based on your body paragraphs, I have simplified your thesis map to the following:] [The three clearest similarities of the two poems include their similar discussion of the power of the sun or the notion of the sun as a symbol for the power of God, the similarities of the daily activities of the two cultures and their link to their God, and the emphasis of monotheism.] [Now, provide one or two sentences that explain what current societal issue can be resolved or lessened through the realization of the similarity of these two poems.] The contrast between Hymn to the Aton and Psalm 104 are numerous. Hymn was written by Pharaoh Amenhotep IV around 1300 B.C.E. in order to help support his efforts to convert all of Egypt to monotheism and worship of the Sun, which called Aton. [First, it is uncanny the manner in which both poets use the sun as a point of reference for their God]. In [â€Å"Hymn to the Aton† Akhenaton proclaims] the actual Sun [as] god. â€Å"Thou living Aton the beginning of life!Creator of seed in women, Thou who makes fluid into man, Who maintainest the son in the womb of this mother..† In the psalm, King David writes how God created the sun [to] reflect His greatness. [Provide a quote from â€Å"Psalm 104† that shows David discussing the sun.] â€Å"LORD my God, you are very great; you are clothe with splendor and majesty†¦ But at your rebuke the waters fled, at the sound of your thunder they took flight†. King David’s poem was written about eight hundred years after the hymn and David does not mention much about himself, instead he praises the Lord. â€Å"I will sing to the LORD all my life; I will sing praise to my God as long as I live.† Based on the time and purpose of these poems, they could not have been coincidence, that the poems are similar, there had to have been a purposeful connection between them. [While there are slight variations of how the sun is used, in both poems the writers explain how the sun meets the needs of the people and how that act is a symbol of the greatness and goodness of God.] Understanding this connection helps us to discover more and develop our perception about the world around us. [How so? Explain how it can benefit one group of people to be able to realize similarities with another group of people with whom they have historically seen no connection.] [Next, both poems] list almost identical daily activities in the exact order throughout the works. â€Å"[Provide quotes from both poems.]† Many of these [similarities] seem to be paraphrased and suggest that these writing come from the same source like two eye witness accounts of the same crime. After understanding the differences in the author’s cultures, religions, and time periods these similarities support the claim that the works are connected either by plagiarism or cultural split. This helps [readers] to realize that many cultures may not be as different from one another as [people often] think. [Yes, and how can this realization help our culture or society? What societal issue or problem can be solved or lessened with this realization?] Based upon detailed examination [of] the similarities of the [poems, many scholars assert that the shared elements, especially the support of monotheism, are not] by coincidence. [Provide a quote supporting monotheism from both poems.] Some researchers suggest that Hebrews fleeing from Egypt before the time of Moses, some of them wondered into temples where the hymn was written, and has the walked along the hymn was one songs they sang and it was carried throughout the generations, but not that the psalm is not a plagiarism of the hymn, this only leaves the notion that there was a cultural split. We are not sure at this point how the works are linked, [While scholars disagree on which group influenced the other into embracing monotheism, it is clear that a cultural exchange occurred between the two groups. Thus, this realization of the similarity is another example for scientists and anthropologists showing that cultures have always exchanged ideas. This exchange of ideas becomes even more interesting when we realize that the Jews were enslaved by the Egyptians.] but it could definitely give more light and support to how scientist and anthropologist other academic researchers and make strides in their fields, help us to understand how cultures are linked across the board. [Explain how discovering that these two ancient cultures exchanged ideas can provide a blueprint or inspiration for current cultures and how that blueprint or inspiration can help those cultures solve or lessen a current societal issue.] After deep analysis s of these two poems it is clear that one is either copied from the other or [that there was some mutual exchange of cultural ideas] at some point in history. [Using the two poems to realize this occurrence] helps historians and scientists to make deductions about connections [to] other cultures, [allowing more people to better understand the surrounding world]. [Yes, now explain how society can improve if more people are able to understand and connect to the surrounding world or the people surrounding them

The Dinner Party by Judy Chicago | Formal Analysis

The Dinner Party by Judy Chicago | Formal Analysis The Dinner Party is a mixed media feminist piece crafted by Judy Chicago and over four-hundred women consisting of ceramic plates, embroidered and woven table runners, woven entry banners, and painted china. This piece sits on a floor made of porcelain tiles which contains the names of 919 women in history. The construction of this piece started in 1974 and took five years to finish. This gigantic piece is on display in the Brooklyn Museum of Art. The structure of this masterpiece is a triangular table, forty-eight feet long on each side, that holds a total of thirty-nine place settings.[1] Each place setting represents a woman in history that has been widely recognized for her achievements. The three sides of the artwork signify women from different time periods. Looking at the piece from the picture below, the side to the right is wing one which covers women from Prehistory to Classical Rome. The back side is wing two which covers Christianity to the Reformation. Finally, the last side is the third wing which covers women from the American revolution until the Womens Revolution.[2] Each plate has a sculpted or painted vagina, done in period style. Underneath each plate is a table runner that is either woven, embroidered, or a mix of the two, some even have special additions to the runners which will be addressed in the following paragraphs. On wing one there is a place setting for the Primordial Goddess. The Primordial Goddess was believed to be the Goddess who created all of life. Her plate, like all the others is painted in the form of a vagina, this vagina in particular is suppose to represent the Goddess female genital organ as being the ground zero of all life on earth.[3] Her table runner, along with some others, stands out among the crowd. The runner, while being embroidered with her name like every place setting, also has unborn calfskin stitched on top of the table runner with little white shells placed around the calfskin. The calfskin also helps represent the Goddess being the beginning point of all life. Wing two holds the place setting for Saint Bridget, a woman born in 450 A.D. who built the first convent in her home country of Ireland after hearing St. Patrick speak. She continued to build convents all over the country and to this day Saint Bridget has many convents, buildings, and even a well named after her. Her plate is painted to represent a vagina, although the meaning behind the style and color is unclear. Saint Bridgets table runner has a wooden cross fixed to the top to symbolize her devotion to Christianity.[4] Caroline Herschels place setting can be found on wing three. Herschel was born in Hanover, Germany and is known for many things, all relating to the science of astronomy. Herschel moved to England to help her brother and became extremely interested in his study of astronomy. By the end of her life, Herschel had discovered eight new comets, 2,500 nebulae and clusters, and she had been appointed as her brothers assistant to King George III; this made her the first woman in history to be recognized for her work in science. Herschels plate seems to be painted in the traditional colors of the night sky, representing her work with the stars. It can be theorized that the eye in the center of her plate could represent Herschel looking out at the stars, but this theory cannot be proven.[5] Herschels table runner is beautifully embroidered with the sun in the middle surrounded by symbols of astronomy and bright yellow stars. There are eight comet-like figures towards the top of the runner whic h represents the eight comets that Herschel discovered during her lifetime. Lastly, her name is embroidered at the bottom with the C in Caroline formed into a telescope. The porcelain tiled floor contains the names of 919 important women in history whose names, unlike the thirty-nine women with place settings, went unmentioned throughout history despite their amazing achievements. The names include women such as Mary Shelley, the author who is most famously known for writing Frankenstein. Caroline Schlegel is another woman who is inscribed on the floor. She was deeply involved in the German Romantic Movement and is responsible for many letters and essays being translated in English.[6] Created during the feminist movement, Judy Chicagos The Dinner Party is a massive installation with an equally massive meaning. Women who accomplish a lot in their time often go unappreciated. Chicago did her best with the help she had to make sure that these women were no longer under appreciated. From the detailed genital plates to the equally detailed table runners, Chicago set out to make a statement and there is no argument that she hit the mark. Word Count: 800 Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party. Mixed Media. Brooklyn: Through the Flower, 2017. From Through the Flower website. Photograph, http://judychicago.arted.psu.edu/archived/dpcp/e.php?e=1, (3/14/2017). Bibliography: Davies, Penelope J. E., Walter B. Denny, Frima Fox Hofrichter, Joseph Jacobs, Ann M. Roberts, and David L. Simon. Jansons History of Art: The Western Tradition. 8th ed. Vol. 2. New York: Learning Solutions, 2011. Place Settings. Brooklyn Museum: Place Settings. Accessed March 13, 2017. https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/. Chicago, Judy, Frances Borzello, and Jane Gerhard. The Dinner Party Judy Chicago: Restoring Women to History. New York: Monacelli Press, 2014. Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party. Mixed Media. Brooklyn: Through the Flower, 2017. From Through the Flower website. Photograph, http://judychicago.arted.psu.edu/archived/dpcp/e.php?e=1, (3/14/2017). [1] Penelope J. E. Davies et al., Jansons History of Art: The Western Tradition, 8th ed., vol. 2 (New York: Learning Solutions, 2011), 1069. [2] Place Settings, Brooklyn Museum: Place Settings, , accessed March 13, 2017, https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/, 1. [3] Judy Chicago, Frances Borzello, and Jane Gerhard, The Dinner Party Judy Chicago: Restoring Women to History (New York: Monacelli Press, 2014), 24. [4] Ibid., 86. [5] Chicago, The Dinner Party, 170. [6] Ibid., 181.

Admiral Kurtz In Apocalypase Now :: essays research papers

Admiral Kurtz Apocalypse Now is a film about madness. In this film, Willard, played by Charlie Sheen, is sent through madness, reminiscent of Dantes' journey through hell. His mission is to kill Kurtz, who’s gone insane according to military intelligence. Kurtz has gone on his own, starting his own society in Cambodia, where his troops and the local tribes worship him as a god. Kurtz has committed murder by waging his own ferocious, independent war against Vietnamese intelligence agents with his own native Montagnard army across the border in an ancient Cambodian temple deep in the jungle. General Corman explains the confused insanity of the war: "In this war, things get confused out there, power, ideals, the old morality, and practical military necessity." The colonel has become a self-appointed, worshipped godlike leader/dictator of a renegade native tribe. General Corman describes Kurtz's temptation to be deified: "Because there's a conflict in every human heart between th e rational and the irrational, between the good and the evil. The good does not always triumph. Sometimes the dark side overcomes what Lincoln called the better angels of our nature. Therein, man has got a breaking point. You and I have. Walter Kurtz has reached his. And very obviously, he has gone insane." Kurtz’s motivation behind his actions is his need to feel godlike, to act without judgment. In Kurtz' camp, a site of primitive evil, they are greeted by a crazed, hyperactive, fast-talking, spaced-out free lance photo-journalist played by Dennis Hoper. The babbling combat photographer, garlanded by his camera equipment, hopes for their sake, that they haven't come to take away Colonel Kurtz. He describes the great awe all the natives have for their jungle lord: "Out here, we're all his children." The photojournalist appears to be a fanatical follower of Kurtz, worshipping the enigmatic, genius "poet-warrior" Kurtz as a personal god and expounding Kurtz's cause: "You don't talk to the Colonel, you listen to him. The man's enlarged my mind. He's a poet-warrior in the classic sense...I'm a little man. He's a great man. I should have been a pair of ragged claws, scuttling across floors of silent seas, I mean...He can be terrible. He can be mean. And he can be right. He's fighting a war. He's a great man." He offers first-hand advice from his own e xperience: "Play it cool, laid back...You don't judge the Colonel." Willard is impressed by Kurtz's power over the people.

Fight Club Essay -- essays research papers

What did the film Distort?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A film adaptation of a book can be like hearsay. The author writes a novel to send a certain message. Someone else reads it interprets it in a different way and talks to a film producer. The film producers then take its, leaves out major events, change the ending and make a film with a completely different message than the author. The author then screams bloody murder then takes his cut from the box office. Joesph Boggs, the author of Problems with Adaptation, says â€Å"We expect the film to duplicate exactly the experience we had seeing the play or in reading the novel. That is, of course, completely impossible† (Boggs 672). No one told this theory to David Fincher, the director of Fight Club. Fincher stuck almost like glue to the novel. He did however, change a few events in the novel and the ending but stills successfully puts Palahniuk’s words on screen that even made Palahniuk happy to earn his profits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of the changes Fincher made to Palahniuk novel were minor and insignificant. One example is the fat Tyler and the narrator used to make soap. In the novel, they steal the fat from Marla. Marla was keeping her mother's liposuction fat for her own plastic surgery. They steal the fat and store it in the Paper Street Soap Company's fridge. In the movie, Fincher had Tyler and the Narrator steal it from a plastic surgery dumpster. In the novels version it could be interpreted as another th...

Cellular Networks With Base Station Cooperation Engineering Essay

Energy ingestion of communicating engineerings is of great involvement late for both environmental and economical grounds. Coordinated Multi Point ( CoMP ) is a promising engineering to extenuate and even exploit intervention through signal articulation processing, response and transmittal at the Base Stations ( BSs ) and has the possible to hike spectral efficiency every bit good as to supply more homogenous user informations rate distribution. However, CoMP requires extra infrastructural cost, low latency backhaul links between BSs, signalling operating expenses and hence, increased signal processing at the transceivers end. The energy efficiency appraisal of auspicious engineerings like CoMP will function as a utile tool to look into the tradeoff between the possible additions in throughput and the energy ingestion in future cellular webs. This research investigates the farther executions needed for BS co-operation and evaluates the extra power that will be dissipated at Base Stations due to the new constituents. This undertaking aims at developing a mathematical power ingestion theoretical account which will depict the extra power needed for BS cooperation in cellular systems and interpret the several parametric quantities harmonizing to the LTE/LTE-A cellular criterions. The planetary information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) industry is a fast turning subscriber to the universe broad nursery gas emanations. The whole Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) sector has been estimated to stand for about 2 % of planetary CO2 emanations and about 1.3 % of planetary CO2 equivalent ( CO2e ) emanations in 2007 [ 1 ] . The survey in [ 2 ] estimations that the nomadic webs represent 0.2 % and 0.4 % of the planetary CO2e emanations in 2007 and 2020, severally. Within ICT, the nomadic communications sector today has a instead little portion [ 3 ] , but a important addition can be expected in the close hereafter. Merely late, the European Union Commission called on ICT industry to escalate their aspirations to cut down its C footmark by about 20 % already by 2015 and to better energy efficiency of the webs. The chief subscriber to greenhouse gas emanations caused by wireless webs originates from the wireless entree web, more exactly from the bas e Stationss. There are in chief two ways to cut down energy cachexia: by energy cognizant constituents in the base Stationss and by energy cognizant web deployment schemes, efficaciously minimising idle capacity of base Stationss [ 4 ] . As per [ 2 ] , RAN operation dominates the planetary C footmark of planetary Mobile communications today, and it will still be responsible for about tierce of the C footmark in 2020. The survey presented in this papers suggests that nomadic traffic volume will lift by a factor of 100 to 150 and the figure of BS sites will approximately double between 2010 and 2020. Parallel to that, the overall RAN energy ingestion will lift by approximately 40 % . The survey besides posits that the overall C footmark of nomadic communications will about treble between 2007 and 2020 if no extra agencies for decrease are taken. The EARTH undertaking focuses on RAN operation and is expected to hold major impact on the energy ingestion ( and therefore the C footmark ) of new base Stationss. RAN energy ingestion could be decreased by agencies of a co-ordinated attempt to recognize both component and system-level energy efficiency betterments. Despite the strong connexion of increasing informations rates and higher energy ingestion, scientific and technological advancement managed to maintain gait with the addition, a fact that is besides observed for the last decennary of 3G developments. In that period, possible information rates and existent informations traffic increased by a factor of one hundred while the energy ingestion of base Stationss dropped five times per provided channel capacity harmonizing to Ericsson. This tendency could go on as the EARTH undertaking keeps working on energy efficiency in nomadic webs [ 7 ] .LTE and Coordinated Multi-PointThe 3GPP Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) and LTE-Advanced are extremely flexible wireless interface and one of the ends of this development is to make and even excel the demands on IMT-Advanced, as presently being defined by ITU-R. These demands will include farther important sweetenings in footings of public presentation and capableness compared to current cellular systems, including the first release of LTE. In order to make the demand of LTE Advanced, coordinated multi-point transmission/reception ( CoMP ) is used as a method to increase the cell norm and cell edge user throughput in the both uplink and downlink [ 5 ] . When coordination is employed, inter-cell intervention is mitigated so that the links can run in the high signal/noise ratio ratio government and hence increases the spectral efficiency which is a major design end for future radio webs [ 6 ] . Coordinated multi-point transmission/reception is a concerted transmittal and response engineering, which can be easy deployed in a semi-distributed communicating system with distributed aerials but centralized control functionality. Several transmittal points are linked to one eNodeB, whereas each transmittal point may incorporate one or multiple antenna elements. Multiple UEs ( User Equipment ) can be served at the same time by one or multiple transmittal points of the same or different eNodeBs. The co-ordinated cardinal accountants retrieve information from distributed transmittal points and allocate resources to fulfill the QoS demands of the UEs while maximising the web public presentation [ 5 ] . Uplink CoMP: Uplink CoMP implies a possibility for joint processing of signals being received at multiple, geographically detached points. In general, a UE does non necessitate to be cognizant of at what points its transmittal is being received and what processing is carried out on the corresponding standard signals, either at these points or, instead, at a cardinal accountant. Two uplink CoMP articulation processing strategies are listed below: A. Joint processing before decrypting In this strategy, users transmit signals to all receive points and receive points will send on the signals they received to the joint point before decrypting it. Using this scheme really small information is lost, and hence higher CoMP addition can be achieved. But new interfaces between receive points and joint point are needed in this instance. B. Joint processing after decrypting In this strategy, users transmit signals to all receive points and receive points will send on the signal they received to the joint point after decrypting it. Using this strategy more information is lost compared to the old strategy, and hence lower CoMP addition will be achieved. But this strategy can be achieved easy by utilizing bing X2 or S1 interfaces. Downlink CoMP: Downlink CoMP implies dynamic coordination between downlink transmittals from multiple geographically separated transmittal points. In conventional cellular systems, each base station transmits signals intended for users within its cell coverage. Depending on the users ‘ channel conditions, intervention caused by neighbouring cell transmittals can aggressively degrade the standard signal quality. Therefore, the downlink capacity of cellular radio webs is limited by inter-cell intervention. Since the base Stationss can be connected via a high-velocity anchor, there is an chance to organize the base aerial transmittals so as to extenuate inter-cell intervention, and therefore better spectral efficiency. The chief rule of CoMP that UE could be jointly served by multiple points over the same wireless resource is the footing to increase the spectrum efficiency while keeping the macro diverseness and/or spacial multiplexing addition [ 5 ] . In the general sense, the downlink CoMP is chiefly characterized into two categories: A. Coordinated scheduling and/or beam-forming ( CS-BF ) In the category of CS-BF, â€Å" information to individual UE is outright transmitted from one of the transmittal points while the programming determinations are coordinated to command the intervention generated in a set of co-ordinated BSs † . In other words, the informations intended for a peculiar UE is non shared while some information related to the channels are shared among different BSs. B. Joint treating / transmittal ( JP ) In the category of JP, â€Å" information to individual UE is at the same time transmitted from multiple transmittal points to better the standard signal quality and/or natural actively intervention for other UEs † . In this instance, informations intended for a peculiar UE is shared among different BSs and is jointly processed at these BSs [ 4 ] .General Power ModelIn order to quantify additions achieved by using energy cognizant techniques in web planning, an appropriate energy efficiency metric must be defined. One of import figure of virtue is the energy ingestion of a web. In the hereafter, base Stationss will go more energy efficient. The points with the highest impact on a base station ‘s power ingestion are the undermentioned: use of distant wireless caputs or ordinary power amplifiers with matching feeder losingss, different sorts of chilling ( air conditioning, air circulation, or free chilling ) , site sharing ( particularly sing substructure ) , and figure of bearer frequences. It can be expected that the mean power ingestion demand per spot lessenings in the undermentioned old ages due to new engineerings. Major power devouring constituents involved in cellular webs are listed below [ 4 ] : Power Amplifier: The power amplifier ( PA ) is expected to work in a province in which the extremum value of the signal corresponds with the possible peak power of the PA. Thus, the efficiency can be maximized. Doherty and Gallium nitride ( GaN ) PAs have the potency to better the efficiency. They are particularly suited for LTE with its high crest factor compared to GSM, where a changeless envelope transition technique is employed ( Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying: GMSK ) . Signal Processing: UMTS signals are much more complex than GSM signals sing the signal processing on sender and receiver side, whereas LTE signals are even more complex. Therefore, the signal processing per nexus is well increased. A/D Converter: This constituent consumes less than 5 % of a macro base station ‘s input power. Therefore, it is non regarded and assumed to be included in the signal processing portion. Antenna Gain and Feeder Loss: Normally included in the Link Budget. Power Supply and Battery Backup: The loss within these two constituents is typically between 10 % and 15 % and depends chiefly on the employed engineering. By utilizing 10 % , an optimistic value is assumed. Cooling: Cooling is chiefly dependent on environmental conditions. Valuess between nothing ( free chilling ) and 40 % can be found.Analysis/ENHANCEMents on Power ModelsEnergy Consumption of Cellular Base StationsPower Model # 1A simple theoretical account of the long term base station energy ingestion is given in [ 4 ] . Another power theoretical account capturing backhauling energy is modelled in [ 8 ] as followers: PBS = a * Ptx + B * Psp + c * Pbh, where PBS, Ptx, Psp and Pbh denote the norm consumed energy per base station, the radiated power per base station, the signal processing power per base station, and the power due to backhauling, severally. The coefficients a, B, and hundred theoretical account effects that scale with the matching power type such as amplifier and feeder losingss, chilling, or battery backup [ 4 ] . A brief overview of three power types has been given below: A. Transmission Transmit power effects the overall base station power ingestion through the efficiency of the power amplifier, the chilling equipment every bit good as battery backup required for operation. The mean transmit power per base station graduated tables with the inter site distance D harmonizing to the way loss theoretical account as 10 log ( Ptx ) = 10 log Pmin + 10 log K + 10 * I » log D/2 where Pmin is the needed minimal receive power at the Mobile and the term 10 log K + 10 log D2 is the path loss at the cell border in dubnium for a given inter site distance D. For power calculation we require coverage of 95 % and presume the base Stationss are centered at their cell countries. Average values of K have been taken with regard to shadowing and LOS chances as per LTE criterions. B. Signal Processing Base set digital signal processing is performed in all cellular base Stationss. The complexness of the operations and the energy ingestion depends amongst others on the employed air interface every bit good as the sum of cooperation between base Stationss. In the LTE-Advanced testbed execution about 10 % of the overall parallel and digital processing power are due to uplink channel appraisal and approximately 3 % are due to uplink and downlink MIMO processing. The former graduated tables linearly with Nc due to the increasing figure of estimated links. Assuming an MMSE filter operation, the latter requires Nc3 operations, nevertheless, the calculation is performed merely one time per cooperation bunch such that mean MIMO processing per base station merely scales quadratically with Nc. With a basal value of psp the signal processing power per sector as a map of different cooperation sizes graduated tables as Psp = psp * 0.87 + 0.1Nc + 0.03Nc2 C. Backhauling Reflecting the state-of-the-art in most cellular webs, we model backhaul as a aggregation of radio micro wave links of 100 Mbit per 2nd capacity and a power dissipation of 50 W each. Therefore for a given norm backhaul demand per base station cbh, the extra backhaul power computes as Pbh = ( cbh/100Mbit/s ) * 50W. The above mentioned is the power theoretical account proposed in [ 4 ] .Power Model # 2In this subdivision, the power theoretical account in [ 9 ] has been discussed. First, the power ingestion of the base Stationss has been evaluated. Based on this rating, the power ingestion of the base station to the radio coverage scope has The base Stationss are placed out-of-door and indoor residential scenario for the nomadic Stationss are the premises made in this work. A. Power ingestion of a base station In this subdivision, the power ingestion of base Stationss in wireless entree webs has been detailed. In a basal station we typically find several power devouring constituents. We define a base station as the equipment needed to pass on with the nomadic Stationss and with the backhaul web. A basal station contains equipment that occurs per sector ( so nsector times for all sectors ) such as digital signal processing ( responsible for system processing and cryptography ) , power amplifier, transceiver ( responsible for having and directing of signals to the nomadic Stationss ) , signal generator, AC-DC convertor. Furthermore a base station contains equipment that occurs merely one time such as the air conditioning and the microwave nexus ( responsible for communicating with the backhaul web ) . In the figure below, the equipment of the base station and the different notations for the power ingestion Pel of the different parts are indicated: Once the power ingestion of the different constituents of the base Stationss is known, the power ingestion Pel of the full base station ( in Watt ) can be calculated as follows: Pel = nsector ( nTx _ Pel/amp + Pel/trans + Pel/proc +Pel/conv + Pel/gen ) + Pel=micro + Pel=airco with nsector the figure of sectors in the cell, Pel/amp, Pel/trans, Pel/proc, Pel/conv, Pel/gen, Pel/micro and Pel/airco are the power ingestions of the power amplifier, the transceiver, the digital signal processing, the AC-DC convertor, the generator, the microwave nexus and the air conditioning, severally. Table below shows the values that we consider here for the power ingestion of this equipment for the considered engineerings. These values are retrieved from informations sheets of assorted makers of web equipment. In the above probe, cells have been considered with three sectors ( therefore nsector is 3 ) . Furthermore, nTx is the figure of conveying antennas per sector. In the most simple state of affairs, which is called a SISO ( Single Input Single Output ) system, the base station uses merely one aerial for transmittal and the nomadic station uses merely one aerial for having. In this instance the parametric quantity nTx is 1. When a MIMO ( Multiple Input Multiple Output ) system is considered where the base station uses two conveying aerials and the nomadic station one or two having aerials, the nTx parametric quantity is 2. For each conveying aerial of the base station we need one power amplifier. So we have to take the power ingestion of the power amplifier into history several times harmonizing to the figure of conveying aerials that are used in one sector. The power ingestion of each portion of the base station is a changeless value ( in Watt ) , except for the power amplifier. The po wer ingestion of the power amplifier depends on the required input power of the aerial. To pattern the power ingestion of the power amplifier we need to specify the efficiency _ of the power amplifier. The efficiency of the power amplifier is the ratio of RF end product power Pout/amp ( in Watt ) to the electrical input power Pel=amp of the power amplifier ( in Watt ) . B. Calculation of scope R In this subdivision, the power ingestion Pel of the base station has been related to the radio scope R. For this, a nexus budget has been set-up. A nexus budget takes all of the additions and losingss of the sender through the medium to the receiving system into history. First, the maximal way loss PLmax ( in dubnium ) has been calculated to which a familial signal can be subjected while still being noticeable at the receiving system. The way loss is the ratio of the radiated power to the standard power of the signal. Table below gives an overview of all the additions and losingss that occur. It is of import to observe that PLmax is dependent of the input power PTx of the aerial and therefore dependant of the end product power of the power amplifier which is Pel/amp. Once the maximal way loss PLmax is known, the scope R ( in meters ) can be determined by utilizing a way loss theoretical account. A general way loss PLmed map is given as: PLmed = g ( d| degree Fahrenheit, hemoglobin, hectometer ) PLmed is a map g ( : ) of the distance vitamin D ( in meters ) , the frequence degree Fahrenheit, the height hemoglobin of the base station and the height hectometer of the nomadic station. The measure before the | is a variable and varies over a uninterrupted interval while the measures after the | are parametric quantities which take merely one discrete know value. The map g ( : ) depends on the used way loss theoretical account e.g. , the HATA theoretical account and the Erceg theoretical account. Erceg C theoretical account has been used here. To find the distance d the upside-down map of equation above has been considered: 500 = g-1 ( PLmed| f, hemoglobin, hectometer ) Based on equation above the maximal scope R ( in meters ) that can be reached with the base station of a certain engineering has been estimated as follows: R = g-1 ( PLmax- SM | degree Fahrenheit, hemoglobin, hectometer ) with SM the shadowing border which depends on the standard divergence of the way loss theoretical account, the coverage per centum and the out-of-door standard divergence. Here we consider a coverage per centum of 90 % .Power Model # 3A elaborate and updated power theoretical account for LTE baseline system has besides been studied in [ 10 ] , one of the plants of EARTH undertaking enterprise, which will be an country of survey.Backhauling PropositionsFrom the comparing of Power Model # 1 and Power Model # 2, it is evident that the power ingestion of Microwave nexus has been underestimated in the former one by 60 % . As microwave nexus has a major function in the power ingestion theoretical account, it is indispensable to hold a more power efficient backhaul option. There is a demand for backhaul capacity to increase for nomadic broadband, informations entree, and picture services to prosecute the end-users every bit good as support cost in cheque. Radio-over-Fiber [ 11 ] as a solution has been turn toing how to administer broadband radio signals in entree webs, including dynamic allotment of resources. Radio-over-Fiber system ( RoF ) is the technique of modulating the wireless frequence ( RF ) sub-carrier onto an optical bearer for distribution over a fibre web. RoF technique has been considered a cost-efficient and dependable solution for the distribution of the hereafter radio entree webs by utilizing optical fibre with huge transmittal bandwidth capacity. RoF has the following chief characteristics: ( 1 ) it is crystalline to bandwidth or transition techniques. ( 2 ) Simple and little BSs. ( 3 ) Centralized operation is possible. New radio endorsers are subscribing up at an increasing demand of more capacity for ultra-high informations rate transportation at velocities of 1 Gbp/s and up sing, while the wireless spectrum is limited. This demand of more bandwidth allotment, topographic points heavy load on the current operating wireless spectrum and causes spectral congestion at lower microwave frequence. Millimeter Wave ( mm-Wave ) communicating system offers a alone manner to decide these jobs. Furthermore, to cut down the sum cost and serve as many users as possible, 60 GHz systems show first-class advantages for the future super-broadband informations services presenting in footings of information rate and power ingestion. Therefore, developing a cost effectual agencies of bring forthing optical millimeter-wave signals at frequences above 60 GHz is of great involvement.FUTURE WorkExisting Power Models needs to be studied in item and should be enhanced with the aid of EARTH [ 7 ] undertaking enterprise. Backhaul demands for LTE/LTE-A should be investigated as this one of the key demands for CoMP. Specifically, Power Requirements for Fibre Optic backhaul systems needs to be investigated. Most Energy Efficient Backhaul system should be recommended and included in the Power Model to heighten the same for better appraisal of Power Consumption. If clip licenses, power theoretical accounts for Mobile Equipment ( ME ) presently in the market should be studied in item and most energy efficient power theoretical account should be estimated.Undertaking AimsLearn about Coordinated Multi-Point ( CoMP ) Understand the construct of CoMP and why is it required? Learn about different sorts of CoMP involved in downlink and uplink. What is a Power Model and why is it required? Learn about LTE/LTE-A Cellular Standards Learn in item about LTE/LTE-A cellular webs Focus on the Base Station Subsystem as this is the portion which chiefly consumes power in cellular webs. Learn about Remote Radio Equipment introduced for LTE-A Develop a Power Model for the extra power needed for BS Co-operation in cellular systems Identify the Overhead required due to CoMP with specific concentration on Backhaul systems. Identify the LTE/LTE-A parametric quantities required to be mapped in the Power Model Develop/Recommend an enhanced energy efficient Power Model and interpret the several parametric quantities harmonizing to LTE/LTE-A cellular criterion.Work PlanA planned class of action for this undertaking is given below: TASKS Jan-March April – May June July August Undertaking 1 Undertaking 2 Undertaking 3 Undertaking 4 Undertaking 5 Task 1- Learn about Coordinated Multi Point and Generic Power Models. Task 2- Learn about LTE/LTE-A Cellular Standards and Architecture. Task 3- Investigate energy efficient Power Models and Backhaul demands Task 4- Identify and Learn in item about the Overhead constituents required due to Coordinated Multi Point particularly Backhaul system and Enhance bing Power Models Task 5- Design/Develop/Recommend an enhanced energy effcient Power Model and interpret the several parametric quantities harmonizing to LTE/LTE-A cellular criterion. In a nutshell, the overall program of action can be summarized as followers: Build on bing literature on base station energy ingestion and constituents involved in it. Further executions needed for Base Station cooperation and rating of extra power that will be dissipated at Bases Stations will be investigated. A power theoretical account for power ingestion depicting the extra power needed for Base Station cooperation in cellular systems will be developed and translated to respective parametric quantities harmonizing to LTE/LTE-A cellular criterions.